Efficacy and safety of halo-gravity traction in the treatment of spinal deformities: A systematic review of the literature / Eficacia y seguridad de la tracción de halo-gravedad en el tratamiento de las deformidades de columna: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

Objective: To determine, through a systematic review, the effects of halo gravity traction in spinal deformity. Methods: Prospective studies or case series of patients with scoliosis or kyphosis treated with cranial halo gravity traction (HGT) were included. Radiological outcomes were measured in the sagittal and/or coronal planes. Pulmonary function was also assessed. Perioperative complications were also collected. Results: Thirteen studies were included. Congenital etiology was the most frequent etiology observed. Most studies provided clinically relevant curve correction values in the sagittal and coronal planes. Pulmonary values improved significantly after the use of HGT. Finally, there were a pool of 83 complications in 356 patients (23.3%). The most frequent complications were screw infection (38 cases). Conclusions: Preoperative HGT appears to be a safe and effective intervention for deformity that allows correction prior to surgery. However, there is a lack of homogeneity in the published studies.(AU)

Objetivo: Determinar, mediante una revisión sistemática, los efectos de la tracción de halo-gravedad (HGT) en las deformidades de columna. Métodos: Se incluyeron estudios prospectivos o series de casos de pacientes con escoliosis o cifosis tratados con HGT. Los resultados radiológicos se midieron en los planos sagital y/o coronal. También se evaluó la función pulmonar. Finalmente, se recogieron las complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 estudios. La etiología congénita fue la más frecuente. La mayoría de los estudios proporcionaron valores de corrección de la curva clínicamente relevantes en los planos sagital y coronal. Los valores pulmonares mejoraron significativamente tras el uso de HGT. Por último, existieron 83 complicaciones en 356 pacientes, siendo la infección la más frecuente (38 casos). Conclusiones: La HGT mostró ser una intervención segura y eficaz para la deformidad, que permite la corrección antes de la cirugía. Sin embargo, existe una falta de homogeneidad en los estudios publicados.(AU)

[Artículo traducido] Eficacia y seguridad de la tracción de halo-gravedad en el tratamiento de las deformidades de columna: una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Efficacy and safety of halo-gravity traction in the treatment of spinal deformities: A systematic review of the literature

Objective: To determine, through a systematic review, the effects of halo gravity traction in spinal deformity. Methods: Prospective studies or case series of patients with scoliosis or kyphosis treated with cranial halo gravity traction (HGT) were included. Radiological outcomes were measured in the sagittal and/or coronal planes. Pulmonary function was also assessed. Perioperative complications were also collected. Results: Thirteen studies were included. Congenital etiology was the most frequent etiology observed. Most studies provided clinically relevant curve correction values in the sagittal and coronal planes. Pulmonary values improved significantly after the use of HGT. Finally, there were a pool of 83 complications in 356 patients (23.3%). The most frequent complications were screw infection (38 cases). Conclusions: Preoperative HGT appears to be a safe and effective intervention for deformity that allows correction prior to surgery. However, there is a lack of homogeneity in the published studies.(AU)

Objetivo: Determinar, mediante una revisión sistemática, los efectos de la tracción de halo-gravedad (HGT) en las deformidades de columna. Métodos: Se incluyeron estudios prospectivos o series de casos de pacientes con escoliosis o cifosis tratados con HGT. Los resultados radiológicos se midieron en los planos sagital y/o coronal. También se evaluó la función pulmonar. Finalmente, se recogieron las complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 estudios. La etiología congénita fue la más frecuente. La mayoría de los estudios proporcionaron valores de corrección de la curva clínicamente relevantes en los planos sagital y coronal. Los valores pulmonares mejoraron significativamente tras el uso de HGT. Por último, existieron 83 complicaciones en 356 pacientes, siendo la infección la más frecuente (38 casos). Conclusiones: La HGT mostró ser una intervención segura y eficaz para la deformidad, que permite la corrección antes de la cirugía. Sin embargo, existe una falta de homogeneidad en los estudios publicados.(AU)

¿Cómo planifico una cirugía de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente? Sistematización de un método de planificación preoperatoria / How do I plan adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery? Systematization of a preoperative planning method

La planificación preoperatoria resulta fundamental en la cirugía de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA) para determinar los niveles a fusionar y realizar el procedimiento con mayor precisión y diligencia. Sin embargo, su realización protocolizada no está tan extendida entre los especialistas en formación. El objetivo de este artículo es describir en detalle el método de planificación preoperatoria en la EIA empleado en una unidad especializada de raquis infantil y del adolescente de un centro de referencia, así como, la logística y la táctica, apoyado en un software gratuito de medición digital semiautomática y planificación. Se muestran 3 casos representativos de diferentes deformidades vertebrales, intervenidos mediante una artrodesis vertebral posterior tras una planificación preoperatoria según el método descrito. Este método resulta muy adecuado para el cirujano en formación al aunar las ventajas de los métodos tradicionales y los más modernos, y ser sencillo, de bajo coste, accesible, reproducible y con carácter formativo.(AU)

Preoperative planning is essential in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery to determine the fusion levels and to perform the procedure with greater precision and diligence. However, the protocolized performance of such planning is not as widespread among specialists in training. The aim of this article is to describe in detail the preoperative planning method for AIS used in a specialized pediatric and adolescent spine unit of a referral center, as well as the logistics and the tactics, supported a free semi-automatic digital measurement and planning software. Three representative cases of different vertebral deformities, treated by posterior spinal fusion after preoperative planning according to the method, are shown. This method is highly suitable for the trainee surgeon as it combines the advantages of traditional and modern methods, and is simple, low cost, accessible, reproducible and with an educational character.(AU)

[Translated article] How do I plan adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery? Systematization of a preoperative planning method / ¿Cómo planifico una cirugía de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente? Sistematización de un método de planificación preoperatoria

La planificación preoperatoria resulta fundamental en la cirugía de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA) para determinar los niveles a fusionar y realizar el procedimiento con mayor precisión y diligencia. Sin embargo, su realización protocolizada no está tan extendida entre los especialistas en formación. El objetivo de este artículo es describir en detalle el método de planificación preoperatoria en la EIA empleado en una unidad especializada de raquis infantil y del adolescente de un centro de referencia, así como, la logística y la táctica, apoyado en un software gratuito de medición digital semiautomática y planificación. Se muestran 3 casos representativos de diferentes deformidades vertebrales, intervenidos mediante una artrodesis vertebral posterior tras una planificación preoperatoria según el método descrito. Este método resulta muy adecuado para el cirujano en formación al aunar las ventajas de los métodos tradicionales y los más modernos, y ser sencillo, de bajo coste, accesible, reproducible y con carácter formativo.(AU)

Preoperative planning is essential in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery to determine the fusion levels and to perform the procedure with greater precision and diligence. However, the protocolized performance of such planning is not as widespread among specialists in training. The aim of this article is to describe in detail the preoperative planning method for AIS used in a specialized pediatric and adolescent spine unit of a referral center, as well as the logistics and the tactics, supported a free semi-automatic digital measurement and planning software. Three representative cases of different vertebral deformities, treated by posterior spinal fusion after preoperative planning according to the method, are shown. This method is highly suitable for the trainee surgeon as it combines the advantages of traditional and modern methods, and is simple, low cost, accessible, reproducible and with an educational character.(AU)

[Translated article] How do I plan adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery? Systematization of a preoperative planning method.

Preoperative planning is essential in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery to determine the fusion levels and to perform the procedure with greater precision and diligence. However, the protocolized performance of such planning is not as widespread among specialists in training. The aim of this article is to describe in detail the preoperative planning method for AIS used in a specialised paediatric and adolescent spine unit of a referral centre, as well as the logistics and the tactics, supported a free semi-automatic digital measurement and planning software. Three representative cases of different vertebral deformities, treated by posterior spinal fusion after preoperative planning according to the method, are shown. This method is highly suitable for the trainee surgeon as it combines the advantages of traditional and modern methods, and is simple, low-cost, accessible, reproducible and with an educational character.

Comparative Analysis Between Isolated Posterior and Anteroposterior Approaches for Severe Scoliosis Treatment.

Objective To comparatively analyze isolated posterior and double surgical approaches for the treatment of severe scoliosis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 32 patients with scoliosis angular value > 70° submitted to surgical treatment in a tertiary hospital between 2009 and 2019. These patients were divided into two groups: PV group with 17 patients submitted to arthrodesis by isolated posterior route (PV) and APV group with 15 patients approached anteriorly and posteriorly (APV). In the PV group, there were 16 female patients and 1 male, with a mean age of 16.86 years old. In the APV group, there were 10 female patients and 5 males, with a mean age of 17.71 years old. Cobb angles were measured by a single spinal surgeon manually on panoramic radiographs, orthostasis before and after surgery. Weight, pre- and postoperative height, and duration of the procedure were also evaluated. Results In the PV group, preoperative and postoperative Cobb angles, verified in the main curve, were 96.06 ± 8.45° and 52.27 ± 15.18°, with an average correction rate of 0.54 ± 0.16, respectively. In the APV group, these values were 83.12 ± 11.60° for preoperative Cobb angle, and 48.53 ± 10.76° postoperatively, with correction rate of the main curve of 0.58 ± 0.11. Conclusion The two forms of surgical approach for the treatment of severe scoliosis were astowed as to the rate of correction of the deformity. Therefore, isolated posterior access has an advantage over the double approach, based on shorter surgical time, shorter hospital stay, and less risk of complications.

Efficacy and safety of halo-gravity traction in the treatment of spinal deformities: A systematic review of the literature. / [Artículo traducido] Eficacia y seguridad de la tracción de halo-gravedad en el tratamiento de las deformidades de columna: una revisión sistemática de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To determine, through a systematic review, the effects of halo-gravity traction (HGT) in spinal deformity. METHODS: Prospective studies or case series of patients with scoliosis or kyphosis treated with cranial HGT were included. Radiological outcomes were measured in the sagittal and/or coronal planes. Pulmonary function was also assessed. Perioperative complications were also collected. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included. Congenital etiology was the most frequent etiology observed. Most studies provided clinically relevant curve correction values in the sagittal and coronal planes. Pulmonary values improved significantly after the use of HGT. Finally, there were a pool of 83 complications in 356 patients (23.3%). The most frequent complications were screw infection (38 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative HGT appears to be a safe and effective intervention for deformity that allows correction prior to surgery. However, there is a lack of homogeneity in the published studies.

La transición posquirúrgica en adolescentes que padecen escoliosis idiopática. Un estudio cualitativo / The post-surgical transition in adolescents who have idiopathic scoliosis. A qualitative study

Objetivo: Conocer el proceso que viven las y los adolescentes que padecen escoliosis idiopática al intervenirse quirúrgicamente para corregir la deformidad física. Método: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque interaccionismo simbólico. Se realizaron 22 entrevistas semiestructuradas a adolescentes intervenidos de fusión espinal posterior en un hospital de tercer nivel de Madrid entre mayo de 2019 y enero de 2021. Se llevó a cabo análisis en progreso de Taylor y Bogdan. Resultados: Los pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente presentan una transición compleja simultánea de tipo salud/enfermedad y de desarrollo. Las principales condiciones inhibidoras de la transición son los significados sobre: su identidad, sociales, creencias sobre la cirugía, el desconocimiento sobre la patología, el proceso quirúrgico y su recuperación. Como condiciones facilitadoras encontramos: la actitud positiva hacia el cambio físico, estético, social, el nivel socioeconómico y el apoyo familiar. Conclusiones: Los informantes de este estudio refieren que la afectación estética y las limitaciones físicas son los principales elementos que les causan disconfort. La intervención quirúrgica se presenta como la solución a esta situación. La recuperación es un punto crítico en el proceso de transición debido principalmente al dolor. Aceptan el malestar sufrido durante la recuperación porque esperan obtener una mejora en la imagen y las limitaciones físicas. Los cambios y diferencias que experimentan durante la transición les hace pensar que van a poder llevar una «vida normal» a la que se refieren constantemente en los discursos.(AU)

Objective: To know the process experienced by adolescents suffering from idiopathic scoliosis when undergoing surgery to correct the physical deformity. Method: Qualitative study with a symbolic interactionism approach. 22 semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescents who underwent posterior spinal fusion in a third-level hospital in Madrid between May 2019 and January 2021. Taylor and Bogdan's analysis in progress was carried out. Results: Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis present with a complex simultaneous health/illness and developmental transition. The main inhibitory conditions of the transition are the meanings about: their identity, social, beliefs about surgery, ignorance about the pathology, the surgical process, and their recovery. As facilitating conditions, we find: a positive attitude towards physical, aesthetic, and social change, socioeconomic level, and family support. Conclusions: The informants of this study refer that aesthetic affectation and physical limitations are the main elements that cause them discomfort. Surgical intervention is presented as the solution to this situation. Recovery is a critical point in the transition process mainly due to pain. They accept the discomfort suffered during the recovery because they hope to obtain an improvement in the image and physical limitations. The changes and differences they experience during the transition make them think that they will be able to lead a «normal life» to which they constantly refer in their speeches.(AU)

Embarazo y ortopedia / Pregnancy and Orthopaedics

Introducción: Son múltiples las afecciones ortopédicas que sufre una mujer embarazada, por ello las demandas de atención por esta causa van en ascenso. Objetivo: Actualizar el tratamiento de las lesiones traumáticas y ortopédicas en la paciente embarazada y coordinar las indicaciones de la cesárea. Métodos: Se utilizan métodos teóricos y empíricos para realizar análisis del conocimiento actualizado sobre estas. Resultados: Se determinó que el parto normal es posible después de una fractura pélvica, siempre que no existan secuelas que dañen el canal del parto. El dolor de espalda fue un síntoma común en las mujeres embarazadas, pero en las que presentaron escoliosis las molestias fueron más frecuentes. La diastasis de la sínfisis del pubis se asoció con la maniobra de McRoberts; y la indicación de cesárea se sugirió a partir de criterios puramente obstétricos, aunque se respetaron las afecciones ortopédicas y traumáticas presentes en las pacientes. Conclusiones: Incrementar los conocimientos del personal que trabaja con la embarazada, a partir de sus factores de riesgo y las posibilidades de mitigación de daño por estas causas.

Introduction: pregnant women suffer from multiple orthopaedic conditions; therefore, care demands for this cause are on the rise. Objective: to update the treatment of traumatic and orthopaedic injuries in pregnant patients and coordinate the indications for cesarean section. Methods: theoretical and empirical methods were used to carry out the analysis of updated knowledge regarding these affections. Results: we determined that normal delivery is possible after a pelvic fracture, as long as there are no sequelae that damage the birth canal. Back pain was a common symptom in pregnant women but in those with scoliosis the discomfort was more frequent. Symphysis pubis diastasis was associated with the McRobert's maneuver; and the indication for cesarean section was suggested based on purely obstetric criteria, although the orthopaedic and traumatic conditions present in the patients were respected. Conclusions: to increase the knowledge of the personnel, who work with the pregnant women, based on their risk factors and the possibilities of mitigating damage due to these causes.

Comparative Analysis Between Isolated Posterior and Anteroposterior Approaches for Severe Scoliosis Treatment / Análise comparativa entre as abordagens cirúrgicas por via posterior isolada e por via anteroposterior para tratamento de escoliose severa

Abstract Objective To comparatively analyze isolated posterior and double surgical approaches for the treatment of severe scoliosis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 32 patients with scoliosis angular value > 70° submitted to surgical treatment in a tertiary hospital between 2009 and 2019. These patients were divided into two groups: PV group with 17 patients submitted to arthrodesis by isolated posterior route (PV) and APV group with 15 patients approached anteriorly and posteriorly (APV). In the PV group, there were 16 female patients and 1 male, with a mean age of 16.86 years old. In the APV group, there were 10 female patients and 5 males, with a mean age of 17.71 years old. Cobb angles were measured by a single spinal surgeon manually on panoramic radiographs, orthostasis before and after surgery. Weight, pre- and postoperative height, and duration of the procedure were also evaluated. Results In the PV group, preoperative and postoperative Cobb angles, verified in the main curve, were 96.06 ± 8.45° and 52.27 ± 15.18°, with an average correction rate of 0.54 ± 0.16, respectively. In the APV group, these values were 83.12 ± 11.60° for preoperative Cobb angle, and 48.53 ± 10.76° postoperatively, with correction rate of the main curve of 0.58 ± 0.11. Conclusion The two forms of surgical approach for the treatment of severe scoliosis were astowed as to the rate of correction of the deformity. Therefore, isolated posterior access has an advantage over the double approach, based on shorter surgical time, shorter hospital stay, and less risk of complications

Resumo Objetivo Analisar comparativamente as abordagens cirúrgicas por via posterior isolada e dupla abordagem para tratamento da escoliose severa. Métodos Analisou-se retrospectivamente prontuários de 32 pacientes com escoliose de valor angular > 70° submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico em hospital terciário entre 2009 e 2019. Dividiu-se estes pacientes em dois grupos: Grupo VP com 17 pacientes submetidos a artrodese por via posterior isolada (VP) e Grupo VAP com 15 pacientes abordados por via anterior e posterior (VAP). O Grupo VP apresentou 16 pacientes do sexo feminino e 1 do masculino, com idade média de 16,86 anos. No grupo VAP, 10 pacientes do sexo feminino e 5 do masculino, com idade média de 17,71 anos. Os ângulos de Cobb foram mensurados por único cirurgião de coluna, manualmente, em radiografias panorâmicas, em ortostase no pré- e pós-operatório. Foram avaliados também peso, altura pré- e pós-operatória e duração do procedimento. Resultados No Grupo VP, o ângulo de Cobb pré-operatório e pós-operatório, verificados na curva principal, foram respectivamente 96,06° ± 8,45° e 52,27 ± 15,18°, apresentando taxa média de correção de 0,54 ± 0,16. No grupo VAP, esses valores foram de 83,12° ± 11,60° para o ângulo de Cobb pré-operatório, 48,53 ± 10,76, pós-operatório, com a taxa de correção da curva principal de 0,58 ± 0,11. Conclusão As duas formas de abordagem cirúrgica para tratamento de escoliose severa se equiparam quanto à taxa de correção da deformidade. Portanto, o acesso posterior isolado apresenta vantagem em relação a dupla via, baseado no menor tempo cirúrgico, menor tempo de internação e menos risco de complicações

Juvenile scoliosis as the first manifestation of syringomyelia associated with Chiari malformation type I.

BACKGROUND: Scoliosis is a spinal deformity that usually manifests as a structural curve determining a variable deformity of the trunk. According to some published series, 4 to 26% of scoliosis initially classified as idiopathic show neurological alterations when studied with nuclear magnetic resonance, such as syringomyelia and Chiari malformation, among the most frequent. Chiari malformations are characterized by descending herniation of the cerebellar tonsils, brainstem, and IV ventricle into the spinal canal. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a patient whose first symptomatic manifestation was early-onset scoliosis. The overlapping of some physical examination signs, such as postural lateralization and scoliosis, reinforced the active suspicion of neuroaxis alterations. CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood-onset scoliosis should raise a high degree of suspicion for association with neuro-spinal diseases. Although the frequency of Chiari malformation is low, its early approach could reduce the progression of associated comorbidities. An early detection could change the prognosis of the disease.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La escoliosis es una deformidad de la columna que usualmente se manifiesta como una curva estructural que determina una deformidad variable del tronco. Las malformaciones de Chiari se caracterizan por la herniación descendente de las amígdalas cerebelosas, tronco encefálico y IV ventrículo hacia el canal espinal. Según algunas series publicadas, del 4 al 26% de las escoliosis inicialmente catalogadas como idiopáticas muestran alteraciones neurológicas al ser estudiadas con resonancia magnética nuclear, como la siringomielia y malformación de Chiari, dentro de las más frecuentes. CASO CLÍNICO: Se presenta el caso de un paciente cuya primera manifestación sintomática fue escoliosis de comienzo temprano. El solapamiento de algunos signos del examen físico, como la lateralización de la postura y la escoliosis, reforzaron la sospecha activa de alteraciones del neuroeje. CONCLUSIONES: La escoliosis de inicio temprano en la infancia debe despertar un alto grado de sospecha de asociación con enfermedades neuro-espinales. Dentro de este contexto, aunque malformación Chiari es de baja frecuencia, su abordaje precoz permitiría disminuir la progresión de comorbilidades asociadas. La detección temprana podría cambiar el pronóstico de la enfermedad.

The post-surgical transition in adolescents who have idiopathic scoliosis. A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To know the process experienced by adolescents suffering from idiopathic scoliosis when undergoing surgery to correct the physical deformity. METHOD: Qualitative study with a symbolic interactionism approach. 22 semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescents who underwent posterior spinal fusion in a third-level hospital in Madrid between May 2019 and January 2021. Taylor and Bogdan's analysis in progress was carried out. RESULTS: Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis present with a complex simultaneous health/illness and developmental transition. The main inhibitory conditions of the transition are the meanings about: their identity, social, beliefs about surgery, ignorance about the pathology, the surgical process, and their recovery. As facilitating conditions, we find: a positive attitude towards physical, aesthetic, and social change, socioeconomic level, and family support. CONCLUSIONS: The informants of this study refer that aesthetic affectation and physical limitations are the main elements that cause them discomfort. Surgical intervention is presented as the solution to this situation. Recovery is a critical point in the transition process mainly due to pain. They accept the discomfort suffered during the recovery because they hope to obtain an improvement in the image and physical limitations. The changes and differences they experience during the transition make them think that they will be able to lead a «normal life¼ to which they constantly refer in their speeches.

Efficacy and safety of halo-gravity traction in the treatment of spinal deformities: A systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To determine, through a systematic review, the effects of halo gravity traction in spinal deformity. METHODS: Prospective studies or case series of patients with scoliosis or kyphosis treated with cranial halo gravity traction (HGT) were included. Radiological outcomes were measured in the sagittal and/or coronal planes. Pulmonary function was also assessed. Perioperative complications were also collected. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included. Congenital etiology was the most frequent etiology observed. Most studies provided clinically relevant curve correction values in the sagittal and coronal planes. Pulmonary values improved significantly after the use of HGT. Finally, there were a pool of 83 complications in 356 patients (23.3%). The most frequent complications were screw infection (38 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative HGT appears to be a safe and effective intervention for deformity that allows correction prior to surgery. However, there is a lack of homogeneity in the published studies.

Mecanismos neurológicos involucrados en la escoliosis idiopática. Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Neurological mechanisms involved in idiopathic scoliosis. Systematic review of the literature

La literatura que explica los mecanismos neurológicos que subyacen al desarrollo o a la compensación de la escoliosis idiopática es limitada. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir e integrar los mecanismos y las vías nerviosas por medio de las cuales se compensa y/o se desarrolla la escoliosis idiopática. Se realizó una revisión sistemática narrativa en diferentes bases de datos sobre los estudios publicados entre el 1 de enero 1967 y el 1 de abril de 2021, empleando los siguientes términos: «scoliosis», «vision», «ocular», «vestibule», «labyrinth», «posture», «balance», «eye movements», «cerebellum», «proprioception» y «physiological adaptation». En la búsqueda se identificaron 1.112 referencias, de las cuales al final se incluyeron 50: 46 estudios clínicos observacionales analítico-descriptivos (entre cohortes, reporte y serie de casos) y 4 estudios experimentales. En la respuesta neurológica a la escoliosis idiopática, la integración sensitivo-cortical de las aferencias visual-oculomotor-vestibular-propioceptiva permite realizar modificaciones a nivel postural con el fin de lograr una compensación inicial sobre el balance sagital y el centro de masa; sin embargo, con el tiempo dicho mecanismo de compensación puede agotarse y causar progresión de la deformidad inicial. (AU)

The literature that explains the neurological mechanisms underlying the development or compensation of idiopathic scoliosis is limited. The objective of the article is to describe and integrate the mechanisms and nerve pathways through which idiopathic scoliosis is compensated and/or developed. A narrative systematic review in different databases of the studies published between January 1, 1967 and April 1, 2021 was performed, using the following terms: «scoliosis», «vision», «eye», «vestibule», «labyrinth», «posture», «balance», «eye movements», «cerebellum», «proprioception», and «physiological adaptation». In the search, 1112 references were identified, of which 50 were finally included: 46 observational analytical clinical studies-descriptive (between cohorts, report and series of cases) and 4 experimental studies. In the neurological response to idiopathic scoliosis, the sensory-cortical integration of the afferences in the visual-oculomotor-vestibular-proprioceptive systems, allows modifications at the postural level in order to achieve an initial compensation on the sagittal balance and the centre of body mass; however, over time these compensation mechanisms may be exhausted causing progression of the initial deformity. (AU)

Neurological mechanisms involved in idiopathic scoliosis. Systematic review of the literature.

The literature that explains the neurological mechanisms underlying the development or compensation of idiopathic scoliosis is limited. The objective of the article is to describe and integrate the mechanisms and nerve pathways through which idiopathic scoliosis is compensated and/or developed. A narrative systematic review in different databases of the studies published between January 1, 1967 and April 1, 2021 was performed, using the following terms: "scoliosis", "vision", "eye", "vestibule", "labyrinth" "posture", "balance", "eye movements", "cerebellum", "proprioception", and "physiological adaptation". In the search, 1112 references were identified, of which 50 were finally included: 46 observational analytical clinical studies-descriptive (between cohorts, report and series of cases) and 4 experimental studies. In the neurological response to idiopathic scoliosis, the sensory-cortical integration of the afferences in the visual-oculomotor-vestibular-proprioceptive systems, allows modifications at the postural level in order to achieve an initial compensation on the sagittal balance and the centre of body mass; however, over time these compensation mechanisms may be exhausted causing progression of the initial deformity.

Evaluation of cervical lordosis in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / Avaliação da lordose cervical nos pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente / Evaluación de lordosis cervical en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente

ABSTRACT: Introduction: In healthy individuals and in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the curvature of the cervical spine varies greatly, with approximately 36-40% of AIS patients having kyphosis of the cervical spine. Aim: To assess the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients and subgroups according to Lenke's classification (1 to 6). Methods: 107 patients with AIS were assessed for cervical lordosis (C2-C7) using the Cobb method, subdivided into lordosis and cervical kyphosis. The following parameters were assessed and compared between the subgroups: T5-T12 thoracic kyphosis (TK); L1-S1 lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), C2-C7 cervical lordosis, C1-C2 cervical lordosis, T1 slope (T1s), neck tilt, thoracic inlet angle (TIA) and cervical sagittal axis (CSVA). Results: Kyphosis of the cervical spine was observed in 48% of patients. The Lenke classification curves (1 to 6) showed no difference with regard to the curvature of the cervical spine. In the subgroup with cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and T1 slope were significantly higher. Neck tilt was significantly higher in the subgroup with kyphosis. Conclusions: Almost half of the patients have kyphosis of the cervical spine, and the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients varies widely. Thoracic kyphosis, T1 slope, and neck tilt are significantly different between the subgroups of patients with lordosis or kyphosis. Level of Evidence III; Observational and Retrospective Study.

RESUMO: Introdução: Nos indivíduos saudáveis e nos pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) a curvatura da coluna cervical apresenta grande variação, sendo que aproximadamente 36-40% dos pacientes com EIA apresentam cifose da coluna cervical. Objetivo: Avaliar a curvatura da coluna cervical nos pacientes com EIA e nos subgrupos, de acordo com a classificação de Lenke (1 a 6). Métodos: Foram avaliados 107 pacientes com EIA quanto a lordose cervical (C2-C7), pelo método de Cobb, subdivididos em dois grupos: lordose e cifose cervical. Foram avaliados e comparados entre os subgrupos os seguintes parâmetros: cifose torácica T5-T12 (TK); lordose lombar L1-S1 (LL), incidência pélvica (PI), eixo sagital vertical (SVA), ângulo T1 pélvico (TPA), lordose cervical C2-C7, lordose cervical C1-C2, inclinação T1 (T1s), inclinação cervical (neck tilt), ângulo entrada torácica (TIA) e eixo cervical sagital (CSVA). Resultados: A cifose da coluna cervical foi observada em 48% dos pacientes. As curvas de classificação de Lenke (1 a 6) não apresentaram diferença com relação à curvatura da coluna cervical. No subgrupo com lordose cervical a cifose torácica e a inclinação de T1 foram significativamente maiores. A inclinação cervical foi significativamente maior no subgrupo com cifose. Conclusões: Quase a metade dos pacientes apresenta cifose da coluna cervical, sendo amplamente variável a curvatura da coluna cervical nos pacientes com EIA. A cifose torácica, a inclinação de T1 e a inclinação cervical são significativamente diferentes entre os subgrupos de pacientes com lordose ou cifose. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Observacional e Retrospectivo.

RESUMEN: Introducción: En individuos sanos y en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA), la curvatura de la columna cervical varía enormemente, y aproximadamente el 36-40% de los pacientes con EIA presentan cifosis de la columna cervical. Objetivo: Evaluar la curvatura de la columna cervical en pacientes con EIA y subgrupos según la clasificación de Lenke (1 a 6). Métodos: Se evaluó la lordosis cervical (C2-C7) de 107 pacientes con EIA mediante el método de Cobb, subdivididos en dos grupos: lordosis y cifosis cervical. Se evaluaron y compararon los siguientes parámetros entre los subgrupos: Cifosis torácica (TK) T5-T12; lordosis lumbar (LL) L1-S1, incidencia pélvica (PI), eje vertical sagital (SVA), ángulo pélvico T1 (TPA), lordosis cervical C2-C7, lordosis cervical C1-C2, inclinación T1 (T1s), inclinación del cuello, ángulo de la entrada torácica (TIA) y eje sagital cervical (CSVA). Resultados: Se observó cifosis de la columna cervical en el 48% de los pacientes. Las curvas de clasificación de Lenke (1 a 6) no mostraron diferencias con respecto a la curvatura de la columna cervical. En el subgrupo con lordosis cervical, la cifosis torácica y la inclinación T1 eran significativamente mayores. La inclinación cervical fue significativamente mayor en el subgrupo con cifosis. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los pacientes presentan cifosis de la columna cervical, y la curvatura de la columna cervical en los pacientes con EIA varía ampliamente. La cifosis torácica, la inclinación T1 y la inclinación cervical son significativamente diferentes entre los subgrupos de pacientes con lordosis o cifosis. Nivel de Evidencia: III; Estudio Observacional y Retrospectivo.

Juvenile scoliosis as the first manifestation of syringomyelia associated with Chiari malformation type I / Escoliosis juvenil como primera manifestación de siringomielia asociada con malformación de Chiari tipo I

Abstract Background: Scoliosis is a spinal deformity that usually manifests as a structural curve determining a variable deformity of the trunk. According to some published series, 4 to 26% of scoliosis initially classified as idiopathic show neurological alterations when studied with nuclear magnetic resonance, such as syringomyelia and Chiari malformation, among the most frequent. Chiari malformations are characterized by descending herniation of the cerebellar tonsils, brainstem, and IV ventricle into the spinal canal. Case report: We present the case of a patient whose first symptomatic manifestation was early-onset scoliosis. The overlapping of some physical examination signs, such as postural lateralization and scoliosis, reinforced the active suspicion of neuroaxis alterations. Conclusions: Early childhood-onset scoliosis should raise a high degree of suspicion for association with neuro-spinal diseases. Although the frequency of Chiari malformation is low, its early approach could reduce the progression of associated comorbidities. An early detection could change the prognosis of the disease.

Resumen Introducción: La escoliosis es una deformidad de la columna que usualmente se manifiesta como una curva estructural que determina una deformidad variable del tronco. Las malformaciones de Chiari se caracterizan por la herniación descendente de las amígdalas cerebelosas, tronco encefálico y IV ventrículo hacia el canal espinal. Según algunas series publicadas, del 4 al 26% de las escoliosis inicialmente catalogadas como idiopáticas muestran alteraciones neurológicas al ser estudiadas con resonancia magnética nuclear, como la siringomielia y malformación de Chiari, dentro de las más frecuentes. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente cuya primera manifestación sintomática fue escoliosis de comienzo temprano. El solapamiento de algunos signos del examen físico, como la lateralización de la postura y la escoliosis, reforzaron la sospecha activa de alteraciones del neuroeje. Conclusiones: La escoliosis de inicio temprano en la infancia debe despertar un alto grado de sospecha de asociación con enfermedades neuro-espinales. Dentro de este contexto, aunque malformación Chiari es de baja frecuencia, su abordaje precoz permitiría disminuir la progresión de comorbilidades asociadas. La detección temprana podría cambiar el pronóstico de la enfermedad.

Surgical planning in idiopathic scoliosis: app usability and utility / Planejamento cirúrgico na escoliose idiopática: usabilidade e utilidade de app / Planificación quirúrgica en escoliosis idiopática: usabilidad y utilidad del app

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the usability and usefulness of an application developed for surgical planning of scoliosis correction to measure the time spent on planning. Methods: Experimental, controlled, cross-sectional, and applied study. The application underwent a usability test using the SUS questionnaire, in addition to applying a questionnaire to assess its usefulness using the TAM utility perception model. Thirty-six volunteers were divided into three groups: residents, orthopedists from the Brazilian Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology (SBOT), and spine surgeons. Results: By applying the SUS questionnaire, the application obtained a score of 75.69, representing classification C on the Sauro and Lewis scale, the third best. The application's utility was considered good after evaluating the positive responses of the TAM model. On average, planning through the application was 20% faster than manual planning. Conclusion: The Scoliplan application proved useful and optimizes surgical planning in AIS, as it establishes a step-by-step standardization supported by the literature (Suk classification); it helps the user with uniform and reliable planning. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic Studies.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a usabilidade e utilidade de um aplicativo desenvolvido para planejamento cirúrgico de correção de escoliose, mensurar o tempo dispendido para o planejamento. Métodos: Estudo do tipo experimental, controlado, transversal e aplicado. O aplicativo foi submetido ao teste de usabilidade através do questionário SUS, além da aplicação de questionário para avaliar a utilidade deste pelo modelo de percepção de utilidade TAM. Participaram 36 voluntários que foram divididos em 3 grupos: residentes, ortopedistas da Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (SBOT) e cirurgiões de coluna. Resultados: Pela aplicação do questionário SUS, o aplicativo obteve escore de 75,69, valor que representa classificação C na escala de Sauro e Lewis, a terceira melhor. A utilidade do aplicativo foi considerada boa após avaliação das respostas positivas do modelo TAM. O planejamento através do aplicativo foi em média 20% mais rápido que o planejamento manual. Conclusão: o aplicativo Scoliplan mostrou-se útil e vem otimizar o planejamento cirúrgico em EIA, à medida que estabelece uma padronização de um passo a passo, apoiado na literatura (classificação de Suk), auxilia o usuário para um planejamento uniforme e confiável. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos Diagnósticos.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Evaluar la usabilidad y utilidad de una aplicación desarrollada para la planificación quirúrgica de corrección de escoliosis, medir el tiempo empleado en la planificación. Métodos: Estudio experimental, controlado, transversal y aplicado. La aplicación se sometió a una prueba de usabilidad mediante el cuestionario SUS, además de aplicar un cuestionario para evaluar su utilidad mediante el modelo de percepción de utilidad TAM. 36 voluntarios fueron divididos en 3 grupos: residentes, ortopedistas de la Sociedad Brasileña de Ortopedia y Traumatología (SBOT) y cirujanos de columna. Resultados: Al aplicar el cuestionario SUS, la aplicación obtuvo un puntaje de 75,69, valor que representa la clasificación C en la escala de Sauro y Lewis, la tercera mejor. La utilidad de la aplicación se consideró buena tras evaluar las respuestas positivas del modelo TAM. La planificación a través de la aplicación fue en promedio un 20 % más rápida que la planificación manual. Conclusión: la aplicación Scoliplan demostró ser útil y viene a optimizar la planificación quirúrgica en AIS, ya que establece una estandarización paso a paso, respaldada por la literatura (clasificación de Suk), ayuda al usuario para una planificación uniforme y confiable. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudios de Diagnósticos.

Effect of progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis on gait parameters / Efeito da progressão da escoliose idiopática do adolescente sobre os parâmetros da marcha / Efecto de la progresión de la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente sobre los parámetros de la marcha

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the influence of the degree of severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) on the distribution of plantar load on the feet during gait. Material and Methods: 40 patients with AIS were evaluated and divided into severity groups: 13 with mild AIS; 13 with moderate AIS; and 14 with severe AIS. Cobb angles (degrees) were evaluated by radiography. Gait was assessed using the pressure platform at a frequency of 100 Hz. The adolescents walked on a 20-meter track, with their feet resting on the platform, totaling an average of 12 steps. The following were evaluated: contact area, peak pressure, and maximum force on the 4 regions of the feet: hindfoot (medial and lateral), midfoot, and forefoot. Results: Adolescents with moderate and severe AIS showed an increase in peak pressure and maximum force on the medial (p=0.014; p=0.045, respectively) and lateral (p=0.035; p=0.039, respectively) hindfoot and a reduction on the midfoot (p=0.024) when compared to mild AIS. The contact area showed no differences between groups. Conclusion: The moderate and severe degree of AIS severity promoted increased plantar load on the medial and lateral hindfoot (heel) during gait compared to adolescents with a mild degree of scoliotic curvature. In this way, gait training in the milder stages of disease severity can minimize the overload and the increase in force vectors on the spine, preventing the progression of severe scoliotic curvature. Level of Evidence II; Cross-sectional study.

Resumo: Objetivos: Avaliar a influência do grau de severidade da escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) sobre a distribuição da carga plantar dos pés durante a marcha. Material e Métodos: 40 pacientes com EIA foram avaliados e divididos em grupos de severidade: 13 com EIA leve; 13 com EIA moderada; e 14 com EIA grave. Os ângulos de Cobb (graus) foram avaliados pela radiografia. A marcha foi avaliada pela plataforma de pressão, a uma frequência de 100 Hz. Os adolescentes caminhavam sobre uma pista de 20 metros, com o registo do apoio dos pés sobre a plataforma, totalizando em média 12 passos. Foram avaliadas área de contato, pico de pressão e força máxima sobre as 4 regiões dos pés - retropé (medial e lateral), mediopé e antepé. Resultados: Os adolescentes com EIA moderada e grave mostraram um aumento do pico de pressão e força máxima sobre o retropé medial (p=0,014; p=0,045, respectivamente) e lateral (p=0,035; p=0,039, respectivamente) e uma redução sobre o mediopé (p=0,024) quando comparados a EIA leve. Não houve diferenças quanto a área de contato entre os grupos. Conclusão: O grau de severidade moderada e grave da EIA promoveu um aumento da carga plantar sobre retropé medial e lateral (calcanhar) durante a marcha em comparação aos adolescentes com grau leve da curvatura escoliótica. Desta forma, o treino de marcha nos estágios mais leve de severidade da doença pode minimizar a sobrecarga e o aumento dos vetores de força sobre a coluna, evitando a progressão da curvatura escoliótica grave. Nível de evidência II; Estudo transversal.

Resumen: Objetivos: Evaluar la influencia del grado de severidad de la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA) sobre la distribución de la carga plantar en los pies durante la marcha. Material y Métodos: Se evaluaron 40 pacientes con EIA y se dividieron en grupos de gravedad: 13 con EIA leve; 13 con EIA moderada; y 14 con EIA grave. Los ángulos de Cobb (grados) se evaluaron mediante radiografía. La marcha se evaluó utilizando la plataforma de presión a una frecuencia de 100 Hz. Los adolescentes caminaron sobre una pista de 20 metros, con los pies apoyados en la plataforma, totalizando un promedio de 12 pasos. Se evaluaron: área de contacto, presión pico y fuerza máxima en las 4 regiones de los pies: retropié (medial y lateral), mediopié y antepié. Resultados: Los adolescentes con EIA moderado y severo mostraron un aumento en la presión pico y la fuerza máxima en el retropié medial (p=0,014; p=0,045, respectivamente) y lateral (p=0,035; p=0,039, respectivamente) y una reducción en el mediopié (p=0,024) en comparación con EIA leve. El área de contacto no mostró diferencias entre los grupos. Conclusión: El grado moderado y severo de severidad de la EIA promovió un aumento de la carga plantar en el retropié medial y lateral (talón) durante la marcha en comparación con adolescentes con un grado leve de curvatura escoliótica. De esta manera, el entrenamiento de la marcha en las etapas más leves de la gravedad de la enfermedad puede minimizar el aumento de la sobrecarga y el aumento de los vectores de fuerza en la columna, evitando la progresión de la curvatura escoliótica severa. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio transversal.

Study on pediatric scoliosis patients at hospital santa casa de misericórdia in são paulo / Estudo sobre pacientes com escoliose pediátrica no hospital santa casa de misericórdia de são paulo / Estudio sobre pacientes pediátricos con escoliosis en el hospital santa casa de misericórdia de são paulo

ABSTRACT: Objective: To carry out registration of patients with scoliosis under 18 years old, followed in a quarternary hospital of high complexity, who need surgical treatment, aiming to identify the reasons for the delay in treatment. Methods: Data collection was carried out in person and by spontaneous demand at the spinal orthopedic specialty outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital of high complexity from January 2021 to December 2022. The results were compiled in the networked database (Red Cap®). Result: 59 patients were evaluated, 45 female (77.9%) and 14 male (22.1%), with a mean age of 13.7 years. Etiology: 30 idiopathic (50.8%), eight syndromic (13.5%), 11 neuromuscular (18.6%), and ten congenital (16.9%). Of the total, 46 (77.9%) were awaiting surgery and 13 (22.1%) were undergoing conservative treatment. The main causes of treatment delay: unavailability of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (19 - 41.3%); unavailability of specific surgical material (16 - 34.8%); difficulty of referral to our institution (6 - 13.1%); loss to follow-up (3 - 6.5%) and limitation in casting making (2 - 4.3%). The mean time between diagnosis and the first consultation is 17.25 months (0 - 140). The average surgical wait until December/2022 was 38.4 months (1 - 156). Conclusion: There is a lack of assistance in the steps of monitoring and treatment in the public health system, from directing the patient with scoliosis to the specialized center to performing the surgical procedure, mainly due to limitations in the use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and the unavailability of specific materials to perform highly complex surgeries. Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia de pacientes, menores de 18 anos, com escoliose que aguardam cirurgia em hospital quaternário de alta complexidade e observar os motivos que acarretam atrasos no tratamento. Métodos: Coleta de dados presencial e espontaneamente no ambulatório de ortopedia da coluna vertebral num hospital de alta complexidade, de janeiro de 2021 a dezembro de 2022. Os resultados foram compilados no banco de dados (Red Cap®). Resultados: Foram avaliados 59 pacientes, 45 mulheres (77,9%) e 14 homens (22,1%), com média etária de 13,7 anos. Etiologia: 30 idiopáticas (50,8%), 8 sindrômicas (13,5%), 11 neuromusculares (18,6%) e 10 congênitas (16,9%). Do total, 46 (77,9%) aguardam cirurgia e 13 (22,1%) estavam em tratamento conservador. As principais causas de atraso do tratamento cirúrgico foram: indisponibilidade de monitoração neurofisiológica intraoperatória (19 - 41,3%); indisponibilidade de implantes para escoliose (16 - 34,8%); dificuldade no referenciamento para instituição (6 - 13,1%); perda de seguimento (3 - 6,5%) e limitação na confecção de colete (2 - 4,3%). Tempo médio entre diagnóstico e primeiro atendimento de 17,25 meses (0 - 140). A média de espera cirúrgica até dezembro/2022 era 38,4 meses (1 - 156). Conclusão: Há carência assistencial nas etapas do acompanhamento e no tratamento no Sistema Único de Saúde, desde o direcionamento do paciente com escoliose ao centro especializado até a realização do procedimento cirúrgico, sobretudo devido à limitação na utilização de monitoração neurofisiológica intraoperatória e indisponibilidade de materiais específicos para realização de cirurgias de alta complexidade. Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología de los pacientes menores de 18 años con escoliosis en un hospital cuaternario de alta complejidad y observar los motivos que llevan a retrasos en el tratamiento. Métodos: Recolección de datos presencial y espontánea en el ambulatorio de ortopedia de columna, de enero 2021 a diciembre 2022. Los resultados fueron recopilados en la base de datos (Red Cap®). Resultado: Se evaluaron 59 pacientes, 45 mujeres (77,9%) y 14 hombres (22,1%), con una edad promedio de 13,7 años. Etiología: 30 idiopáticas (50,8%), 8 sindrómicas (13,5%), 11 neuromusculares (18,6%) y 10 congénitas (16,9%). Del total, 46 (77,9%) estaban pendientes de cirugía y 13 (22,1%) estaban en tratamiento conservador. Las principales causas de retraso en el tratamiento quirúrgico fueron: indisponibilidad de monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria (19 - 41,3%); indisponibilidad de implantes para escoliosis (16 - 34,8%); dificultad para hacer referencia a la institución (6 - 13,1%); pérdida de seguimiento (3 - 6,5%) y limitación en la confección de un chaleco (2 - 4,3%). Tiempo promedio diagnóstico y primera atención de 17,25 meses (0 - 140). Espera quirúrgica promedio: hasta diciembre/2022 fue de 38,4 meses (1 - 156). Conclusión: Existe falta de asistencia en las etapas de seguimiento y tratamiento en el Sistema Único de Salud, desde la dirección del paciente con escoliosis al centro especializado hasta la realización del procedimiento quirúrgico, debido principalmente a la limitación en el uso de instrumentos neurofisiológicos intraoperatorios. Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.